When recording sounds, there are lot of microphones you can use. Each mic is different in terms of how it captures sound. Below are some different mic's that record sounds differently. I'm not going to fully go into depth in terms of wave length and pressure but will give a brief summary of what each microphone does.
Omnidirectional Microphone
It responds to sounds coming from all directions.
Bidirectional Microphone
They equally receive sound from both the front and back of the microphone.
Unidirectional Microphone
These pick up sound from one direction. They are very good to isolate different sounds and reject any background noise.
Cardioid Microphone
They record sounds from the front with a broad angle from the mic. They don't pick up any sounds coming from the back.
Hyper-cardioid Microphone
Its similar to a cardioid mic but slightly larger. It records more sounds from the front and a small area at the back.
Super-cardioid Microphone
Is similar to a hyper-cardioid, except there is more front pick up and less rear pick up.
Shotgun Microphone
Is a long, tube-shaped microphone with a highly directional pickup pattern. They are less sensitive on the sides and back and are mostly used for film/video dialogue, news gathering and outdoor recording.
Free-Field Microphone
These mice are mostly used in a free-field that is away form reflective surfaces.
Boundary Microphone
Is designed to be used on surfaces such as floor, wall, table or panel.
Hydrophone/Contact Microphone
Used to record sounds underwater.
Stereo Microphone
It combines two mic capsules in a single housing for a convenient stereo recording (like the mice on a zoom). There are some stereo mics which have one mic capsules but still record in stereo.
Reference
ATKINSON, Don (1995). The sound production handbook, first edition. London, Blueprint.
BARTLETT, Bruce (1991). Stereo nicrophone techniques. London, Focal Press.
BARTLETT, Bruce and Jenny (2013). Practical recording techniques, sixth edition. London, Focal Press
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